Acton Trussell excavations archive finds descriptions and catalogues

Roman Pottery

Pottery is being examined at the break to show the various types of fabrics that make up the site ceramic collection, and, where possible, to allocate those fabrics to their source. Currently all 6000 plus sherds recorded are being examined and updated, but, in order to relate the results to numbers of vessels, only those rim sherds drawn will be reported here. This exercise is still ongoing but a sample of the work is included here.

The sample is examined, using a stereo microscope @ 40x–60x. Some photographs of fabric examples are shown below.

Samian examination is complete and suggests that from a total of 56 sherds drawn 34 (62%) are central Gaul, mainly Lezoux. 20 (36%) are East Gaul with Trier dominant, with just 1 plain rim from a Dr 18/31 or Dr31 possibly from southern Gaul. There is 1 British copy, a Dr31 type dish.

Of the cooking vessels examined and drawn to date, 330 in total, 130 (39%) are BB1 with dense well sorted quartz grits (Cod's Roe) from Pool area of Dorset. 64 (20%) are BB2, generally ample quartz grits but ill sorted. There are variables within this group, mainly the density of grits, and quality of firing, suggesting more than one kiln site.

There are 11 examples of South Midlands shell gritted black burnished, just 1 drawn. A further 136 (41%) belong to an unknown fabric, but thought to be from a Midland source. These have been classified as Regional Grey, the matrix is laminar like, with ill-sorted quartz, occasionally white & red grits. In the main they are very well formed, grey burnished, this group includes 2 distorted vessels. 63 Mortarium rims have been drawn, plus 1 photo of a potter's stamp, making a total of 64 vessels.

A Samian mortarium has been included in the Samian figures.

54 (84%) of the total are Mancetter/Hartshill.

• 6 (9.5%) all 2nd century, probably from Oxfordshire.
• 2 (3%) 2nd century Nene Valley.
• 1 almost certainly a 1st century import from Gaul.
• And one 1st century stamped rim from Verulamium.

The Mancetter vessels break down into 37% flanged late 1st-2nd c. 22% early hammer rims from the late 2nd–3rd century, and 41% 3rd-4th c. hammer reeded rims. Most of the remaining work of fabric segregation concerns the Oxidised Red Ware, together with the scarcer colour coated fabrics. There are 321 oxidised Severn Valley vessels drawn. Within this group are various fabrics, from fine smooth with no visible grits, sandy fabrics with fine mixed grits, to those from more heavily gritted clays, with samples which contain various levels of chalk. The firing varies, and although all exhibit an oxidised red/orange outer surface, there are many with various degrees of grey reduction in the inner fabric. As this is still work in progress only pot types are listed below.

• 72% of the total are bowls, half of these are tri-section rims.
• 8% are Tankards.
• 7% are Dishes.
• 11% are Jars with narrow necks,
• with a strainer, a cheese press, flagon, cup, and beaker making up the remainder.

The Malvernian Reduced ware, of which there are 5 rim samples drawn, are extremely well-formed vessels.

The site has been subjected to disturbance, more recently by the temporary road along the south boundary of the churchyard, this continued diagonally across section 4 at the rear of the church, and earlier by the digging of gullies, ditches, postholes, and foundations for buildings associated with the multi period occupation. However, there are undisturbed deposits where the contents can be placed into groups that were at least discarded at the same time, assuming of course there was no secondary depositing. These undisturbed deposits include the 4th century rubbish pit in section 3.

The late 1st century enclosure ditch that contained a one off homogeneous fill, although there could be some re-deposited material the fill is 2nd century at latest.

Part of the 2nd century enclosure ditch again with no stratified fill, backfilled in one operation, whereas the remainder of that ditch was allowed to fill naturally over a long period, even then the stratification was clear, so the contents of each stratified layer could be considered a group.

An Iron Age gully similarly backfilled, and a late Iron Age gully dug stockade dismantled and backfilled in the last quarter of the 1st century after the construction of the first Romanised timber building. A small group were sealed under the Opus-Signinum floor of the wing, which must be late 2nd century at latest. These groups are illustrated in the following pages. Although they do not help in dating the levels, a large sample of the pot from disturbed levels are illustrated in the following pot report, they at least show the range of pottery in use over the period of occupation.

Pottery from Apsidal Wing Section 1. Amongst robbing debris. Levels 2 & 3

1. Oxidized Red ware tankard small beaded rim, smooth with occasional chalk, red pellets.
2. Oxidized Red ware bowl, fine silty matrix with ample quartz & black grits, burnt inclusions, grey core, soft fired.
3. Beaker, possibly Nene valley, grey fabric slightly gritty with ample white quartz & black grits, rare chalk, hard, black colour coat.
4. Oxidized Red ware bowl, slightly sandy with ample mixed grits, iron rich inclusions.
5. Midland Shell gritted cooking pot, silty matrix with dense white calcite, black varying to biscuit with grey core, hard fired.
6. Regional Grey lid seating pot, sandy with dense angular quarts grits, hard fired.
7. BB2 cooking bowl, flanged rim with small bead, Grey fabric with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits, oxidized outer, burnished.
8. Oxidized Red ware bowl thickened & flared rim, red fabric slightly sandy with plentiful white quartz & occasional black grits, soft fired.
9. Severn Valley bowl flared rim, red fabric with grey core, smooth with ample quartz, occasional chalk, mica, iron rich inclusions.

Below robbing debris. Level 4

10. BB2 Cooking bowl flanged rim medium to high bead, dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard fired.

In stone packing under Opus Signinum floor of wing. Level 5.

11. Midland Grey jar, rolled rim, grey fabric with red core, hard fired.
12. Oxidized Red ware bowl, rim inward dished, blackened orange fabric with biscuit core, ample very fine white quartz grits, with occasional chalk, hard fired.

On burnt cobbles north side of wing Level 6.

13. Mancetter white ware flanged bowl, fine cream fabric with very fine quartz grits, iron rich specks, small voids, orange washed inner surface, reddish brown paint on rim, hard.
14. Midland Grey narrow necked bowl, Silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz & occasional black grits.
15. Midland Grey 1st century carinated beaker, smooth silty with rare very fine chalk, burnt out inclusions, hard fired. Derived from the Belgic type with cordon above carination, twin cordons below and lattice between. ref. Roman Pottery in Britain, Paul Tyers.
16. Severn Valley ware tankard, incipient bead rim, smooth with ample fine chalk, occasional black inclusions, hard.

Decorated pot.

17. Samian dish Dr 37. 2nd C. fine red fabric with cream chalk and rare mica inclusions, ovolo and tongue with wavy line border, Central Gaul. recovered from 2nd C. foundation trench of wall B of wing.
18. Midland Grey fine fabric slightly sandy, soft fired with chevron pattern, fine slightly sandy with scattered quartz & black grits, in robbing debris of wing.

Section 2.

All levels disturbed, Light debris levels topsoil to L2.

20. BB2 flanged bowl, black smooth outer with grey core, crumbly matrix, dense fine angular quartz grits.
21. Midland Grey jar with small pie crust flange, fine matrix with rare quartz & black grit, hard.
22. Nene Valley mortarium, fine cream matrix with occasional black grit, iron rich specks, voids, orange/cream colour coat, red & brown trituration grits, hard fired.
23. Samian copy bowl, beaded rim, red fabric with grey core, fine smooth with extremely fine quartz, red colour coat, medium fired.
24. Regional Grey flanged cooking bowl with medium bead, sandy laminar matrix with ample quartz, hard fired, no surviving burnishing.
25. Nene Valley bowl, fine matrix with very fine mixed grits, decorated with red bands, hard.

Dark loam heavy debris levels 3 & 4.

26. BB2 cooking pot with everted rim, friable fabric with ample ill-sorted quartz grits.
27. Oxidized Red Ware dish plain rim, red with grey core, course matrix with ample white quartz, occasional black grits, hard.
28. Mancetter mortarium with reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric occasional mica and iron rich specks, hard.
29. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged with high bead, coarse with plentiful white quartz grits, hard.
30. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged with high bead, coarse with plentiful white quartz grits, hard, burnished.

Section 2, L5, sandy loam very light debris.

32. Flanged bowl possibly Oxfordshire red slipped ware? fine orange matrix with extremely fine quartz, rare fine black grits, with a very dark purple/maroon colour coat, derived from Samian type Dr 38.
33. Severn Valley dish with inward projecting rim, smooth red fabric with scattered fine white quartz, occasional black grits, rare chalk, hard.
34. Severn Valley bowl with thickened rim, smooth with occasional fine white quartz grits, soft.
35. Oxidized Red Ware dish plain rim, smooth fabric with occasional fine white quartz, rare black grits & fine chalk, soft.

Sandy gravelly natural level 6.

This is a late Iron Age level the pot below is a 4th c. example, small section probably deposited by animal action or disturbance from building work.

36. Mancetter mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric with iron rich specks, trituration grits present, hard.

Section 3. levels 2 & 3 dark loam with heavy debris & slag from road construction.

The Grey cooking pots, bowls and dishes are similar to BB1 in Type, they contain less dense grits, often oxidized on outer surfaces, occasionally with red core, still classed as hard, they are less brittle than BB1, although some examples are overfired and exhibit stress cracking.

38. Regional Grey cooking bowl medium bead & flange, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz, occasional black grits, hard.
39. Regional Grey cooking bowl medium bead rim with flange, crumbly laminar matrix with abundant white quartz, occasional black grits, burnished, hard.
40. Regional Grey cooking bowl high narrow bead hooked flange no furrow, granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, oxidized core, burnished faint trace of lattice.
41. Regional Grey cooking bowl, medium bead & flange with furrow, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz occasional black grits, light brown colour coat, hard.
42. BB1 cooking bowl short stubby flange sharp bead, granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard.
43. BB1 cooking bowl long flange medium bead, furrow, granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard.
44. Regional Grey 4th C. cooking pot everted rim, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz, occasional black grits, black burnished grey core, hard.
45. Regional Grey 3rd/4th C. cooking pot everted rim, crumbly laminar fabric with plentiful white quartz grits lightly oxidized surface, burnished, hard.

Section 3. levels 2 & 3 continued.

47. Regional Grey 3rd C. cooking everted rim, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz, occasional black grits, burnished, hard.
48. Regional Grey dish plain rim, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz occasional black grits, burnished, hard.
49. Regional Grey dish plain rim, crumbly laminar fabric plentiful white quartz grits, red core, burnished, hard.
50. Regional Grey dish plain rim, crumbly laminar fabric with plentiful fine white quartz grits, opposing wavy lines, medium fired.
51. Regional Grey dish plain rim, crumbly laminar fabric with plentiful white quartz grits, hard.
52. Mortarium with crude pourer, white sandy fabric with very fine black & red grits, trituration grits present, hard, possibly Gaulish, Eifel.
53. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with early hammer rim probably late 2nd-3rd C. smooth cream fabric with pinkish core, very fine iron rich specks, trituration grits all but lost, but few available suggest red, hard.
54. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium hammer rim reeded, smooth with rare VF white quartz and iron rich specks, black trituration grits, hard.
55. Mancetter/Hartshill late 4th C. mortarium reeded hammer rim, white smooth fabric with rare very fine white quartz and iron rich specks, vertical reddish-brown stripes down rim, black trituration grits, hard.
56. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth fabric with rare very fine white quartz and iron rich specks, hard.

Section 3. Level 3 continued

57. Oxidized Red Ware bowl undercut tri-section rim, smooth Ex fine mixed grits, occasional mica, fine voids, grey core, medium fired.
58. Oxidized Red Ware bowl tri-section rim, fine red fabric with darker red core, smooth with rare very fine white quartz and iron rich specks, soft fired.
59. Severn Valley Ware dish beaded rim, slightly sandy with ample fine quartz, iron rich inclusions, with grey core.
60. Oxidized Red Ware narrow necked jar, flared rim with grooved bead, fine matrix with fine quartz grits, red fabric with grey core, hard.
61. Oxidized Red Ware narrow necked jar beaded rim with small flange, fine matrix with rare white quartz & black grits, occasional mica.
62. Midland Grey Ware jar with thickened rim, smooth with rare very fine white quartz and iron rich specks, triple burnished lines round neck, hard.
63. Midland grey Jar pie crust rim & flange, silty matrix with ample white quartz, burnt inclusions, medium fired.
64. Midland grey jar pie crust rim & flange, silty matrix with ample white quartz, occasional black grits, rare calcite, medium fired.
65. Samian bowl Dr 31, Fine red fabric with ample chalk, very fine quartz, red & black inclusions, voids. Lezoux, C/Gaul.

Section 3. Level 4. Below loose debris, on hard packed sandstone and sandy gravel.

66. Samian bowl Dr 18/31 beaded undercut rim, granular fabric, sparse chalk, mica, very fine quartz, red & black inclusions, voids, brownish red slip, Lezoux C. Gaul.
67. Samian bowl Dr 31 beaded rim, fine orange fabric, ample chalk, very fine quartz, red & black inclusions, mica, brownish red slip, soft, Lezoux C. Gaul.
68. Samian bowl Dr 18/31R beaded rim, fine orange fabric with dense chalk, mica, brownish red slip, soft. Rheinzabern? E. Gaul.

Section 3. Level 4 continued

69. Samian bowl Dr 31 beaded rim, fine fabric with ample chalk and occasional mica, red & black inclusions red slip, central Gaul, soft.
70. Oxidized Red Ware bowl with upward pointing flange, raised cordon below rim, medium sandy fabric, ample fine white quartz, occasional black grits & chalk, hard.
71. Oxidized Red Ware bowl tri-section rim, smooth fabric fine mixed grits & occasional chalk inclusions, mica, hard.
72. Oxidized Red Ware bowl double bead rim, smooth fabric with no visible grits.
73. Oxidized Red Ware jar with tri-section rim, smooth orange fabric with occasional fine quartz, red pellets, medium fired.
74. Oxidized Red Ware tankard with incipient bead rim, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz, occasional larger red grit burnt out inclusions, hard.
75. Midland Grey tankard plain rim, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, oxidized core, hard.
76. Midland Grey dish with bead rim, silty crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, hard.
77. Samian bowl Dr 72? fine red fabric with chalk & mica, thin red slip with barbotine ivy leave decoration, 3rd century, possibly central Gaul.
78. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged with high bead, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz, oxidized rim, burnished inner, hard.
79. Regional Grey bowl flanged with medium bead, medium sandy fabric with plentiful white quartz grits, cream colour wash, hard fired with stress cracking.

Section 4 level 5 stained sandy gravely layer over natural.

86. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric with rare white grits and iron rich specks, hard.
87. Severn Valley tankard with incipient bead, smooth with scattered quartz, ample red pellets, Mica.
88. Severn Valley bowl with turned over rim, smooth with ample fine white chalk, red pellets, rare quartz, burnt inclusions.

Section 3. mid-2nd century fill of late 1st c. ditch.

89. BB1 cooking pot with everted rim, granular matrix with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished with lattice, late 2nd C. hard.
90. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with flanged rim, cream smooth fabric with very occasional fine white grits, black trituration grits, rim type typical of AD140-170.

Section 3, Rubbish pit F134.

The top of the pit had been removed by the temporary roadway, matching sherds of pot were recovered elsewhere in the section, the pit also contained a 4th C. minim coin, together with an iron door key, a pair of carved bone hairpins, an assortment of animal bones, mainly cattle, and the jawbone of a fish.

There were no complete vessels, broken or otherwise in the deposit, although the pit is certainly 4th century, some cooking pots, for example, 102, 104, & 106, have girths at least equal to the rim, this suggests middle to late 3rd century manufacture.

91. Regional Grey dish insipid bead rim, laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard.
92. BB1 dish plain rim, sandy with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, brown outer, oxidized inner surfaces, with overlapping arches.
93. Regional Grey burnished dish plain rim, laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, overlapping arches, hard.
94. BB2 dish plain rim, sandy fabric with dense ill-sorted angular white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard.
95. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, sandy fabric with ample ill-sorted mixed grits mainly white quartz, burnished, hard.
96. Regional Grey cooking bowl with flange and medium bead, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz occasional black grits, burnished, hard.
97. Regional Grey cooking bowl with flange and tall thin bead, medium sandy fabric laminar matrix with abundant white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
98. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits.

Section 3, Rubbish pit F134. Continued.

100. BB2 Cooking pot flared rim, friable matrix with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits.
101. BB1 cooking pot everted rim, granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished, heavy obtuse lattice, hard.
102. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, heavy obtuse lattice, hard.
103. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits, grey outer black inner surface, burnished, obtuse lattice, hard.
104. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, black friable matrix, grey core, with abundant white quartz grits, burnished, obtuse lattice, hard.
105. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with dense white quartz grits, grey core, burnished, obtuse lattice, hard.
106. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, grey friable matrix with abundant ill sorted quartz, burnished, obtuse lattice, hard.
107. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric with very fine rare quartz, light grey core, black ironstone trituration grits, hard.
108. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with hammer rim, smooth cream fabric with occasional fine white quartz, red sandstone & iron rich specks, brownish red vertical stripes on rim over yellow colour wash, black trituration grits with sandstone chips.
109. Malvernian Reduced Ware jar with flanged rim, smooth with angular quartz, occasional black grit, red pellets, fine chalk, mica, red and brown mottled surface, shallow cordon around shoulder, very hard.
110. Severn Valley jar thickened rim deep groove, fine matrix with fine quartz grits, triple burnished lines on neck, hard.
111. Samian bowl Dr 18/31 bead rim, incised line below bead, fine red fabric with chalk and rare mica, red slip, central Gaul.

Section 4. levels 2 & 3 disturbed.

Cooking vessels.

112. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted angular white grits, burnished, hard, mid to late 3rd C.
113. BB1 cooking pot everted rim, granular matrix with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, early to mid-3rd C.
114. Regional Grey cooking pot everted rim, silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, medium fired, 3rd C.
115. Regional Grey cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished, hard, distorted rim of second.
116. Regional Grey cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
117. Regional Grey cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with white quartz and mixed grits, hard, late 3rd C.
118. BB1 cooking bowl flat turned over rim, granular matrix with dense fine well sorted quartz grits, burnished, hard, probably 2nd C.
119. BB2 cooking bowl flat turned over rim, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard, probably 2nd C.
120. BB2 cooking bowl flat turned over rim, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard, probably 2nd C.
121. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim with medium bead, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard, 3rd C.
122. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnishing present, medium fired.
123. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnishing present, medium fired.

Section 4. levels 2 & 3 disturbed. Cooking vessels. Continued.

124. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, light oxidation, burnishing present, medium fired.
125. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, crumbly matrix with white quartz and mixed grit, hard.
126. Regional Grey cooking bowl with flanged rim high bead, crumbly matrix with white quartz grits, grey core, burnished, medium fired.
127. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, crumbly matrix with white quartz and mixed grits, brown core, burnishing present, medium fired.
128. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, friable sandy matrix with ample ill-sorted white quartz, occasional black grits, burnishing present, hard fired.
129. Regional Grey Dish plain rim, silty crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, hard.
130. Regional Grey Dish plain incipient bead rim, silty crumbly matrix with ample white quartz, hard.
131. BB2 dish plain rim, crumbly matrix with ample white quartz & occasional black grits, black burnished grey core, overlapping arches, hard.
132. BB2 dish plain rim, grey sandy fabric with dense ill-sorted angular white quartz & black grits, burnished, hard.
133. Regional Grey Dish plain rim, grey silty crumbly matrix with white quartz & black grits, hard.
134. Regional Grey Dish plain rim, silty crumbly matrix with white quartz grits, burnished, hard.

Section 4. levels 2 & 3 disturbed. Storage bowls, dishes, narrow necked jars, tankards, and Samian.

135. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim undercut, sandy with fine scattered quartz, ample fine cream chalk, iron rich inclusions, grey core.
136. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth, no visible grits, rare very fine chalk, soft.
137. Severn Valley bowl with "S" shaped rim, smooth with scattered fine quartz, rare black grit, cream chalk, soft.
138. Severn Valley bowl with flared rim, smooth with scattered fine quartz, occasional black grit, Iron rich inclusions, hard.
139. Severn Valley bowl rolled rim, smooth with scattered fine quartz, occasional black grit, iron rich inclusions, soft.
140. Severn Valley dish plain rim, sandy crumbly matrix with scattered fine white quartz, occasional black grits, voids, red with grey core, soft.
141. Severn Valley bowl plain rim turned out, smooth with scattered fine quartz & black grits, large slate like inclusions, rare chalk.
142. Severn Valley bowl plain rim, Sandy with very fine mixed grits, soft.
143. Severn Valley dish bead rim projecting inward, sandy orange fabric with fine scattered quartz & black grits, medium fired.
144. Regional Grey bowl plain rim, sandy crumbly matrix with dense mixed grits, plentiful voids.
145. Oxidized Red Ware bowl plain rim, sandy with ample fine quartz & black grit, occasionally larger, iron rich inclusions, mica, light grey core, medium fired.
146. Malvernian Reduced Ware narrow necked jar everted rim, orange/grey mottled surface, smooth angular quartz, occasional black grit, red pellets, fine chalk, mica, hard.
147. Midland Grey narrow necked jar rolled rim, silty matrix with occasional quartz, mica, voids.
148. Severn Valley narrow necked jar double bead rim, fine orange matrix with rare fine quartz.
149. Midland Grey narrow necked jar plain rim with "pie crust" flange, fine matrix with ample fine quartz & black grits, very fine voids, medium fired.
150. Oxidized Red Ware narrow necked jar tri-section rim, smooth with rare fine quartz grits, mica, grey core, soft.
151. Severn Valley tankard plain rim, smooth with no visible grits, rare chalk, iron rich specks, grey core, medium fired.
152. Samian flanged bowl with bead rim Dr38, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz grits, cream chalk & mica, red & black inclusions, brownish red slip, Lezoux Central Gaul.

Section 4. levels 2 & 3 disturbed.

155. Samian bowl bead rim Dr18/31, smooth red fabric with dense chalk inclusions, mica, red slip, deep groove below rim, Trier east Gaul.
156. Samian bowl bead rim Dr18/31, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz grits, dense cream chalk & red inclusions, mica, red slip, Lezoux central Gaul.
157. Samian bowl bead rim Dr18/31, smooth red fabric with ample chalk & mica, other inclusions, red slip, possibly east Gaul.
158. Samian bowl bead rim Dr18/31, smooth orange fabric, dense chalk, red inclusions, red slip, east Gaul.
159. Samian bowl bead rim Dr18/31, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz grits, cream chalk & mica, red & black inclusions, voids, red slip, Lezoux central Gaul.
160. Samian bowl bead rim Dr37, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz grits, ample white chalk & rare mica, black inclusions, red slip, ovolu & twisted rope with medallions and flower motifs, no border below ovolu. Possibly Lezoux central Gaul.

Note: small sherds with no bases could mean some of the above Samian vessels Dr18/31 could be 18/31R or DR31 / Dr31R.

Enclosure ditch. Section 4. top fill leveling layer, level 3.

The top fill of the ditch consisted of construction debris, sandstone fragments, pantile, etc, the ditch had been redundant for some time, and had been allowed to fill first by natural silting and then by ad hoc disposal of waste, the debris layer of level 3 leveled off the sink created by settlement of the earlier fills.

161. Regional Grey cooking bowl medium bead long flange, silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, hard.
162. BB2 cooking bowl flattened rim inward projecting bead, friable matrix with dense ill sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
163. BB2 cooking bowl hooked flanged high bead, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, hard.
164. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged with medium bead, Silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, orange core, medium fired.
165. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim incipient bead, Granular matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
166. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim with medium bead, silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, medium fired.
167. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, silty laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, orange core, medium fired.
168. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard fired.
169. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, late 3rd/early 4th century.
170. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, mid to late 2nd century.
171. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, late 3rd century.
172. BB2 Cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits, hard, early 3rd century.
173. BB2 Dish plain rim, friable matrix with ample white quartz & occasional black grits, overlapping arches, burnished, hard.
174. BB1 Dish plain rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, overlapping arches, burnished, hard.
175. BB2 dish plain rim, friable matrix with ample ill-sorted white grits, mica, burnished, hard.
176. BB1 Dish plain rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, zigzag pattern, burnished, hard.
177. BB1 Dish incipient bead rim, friable black fabric with dense ill-sorted angular White & Black grits, burnished, hard.

Enclosure ditch. Section 4. top fill leveling layer, level 3. Continued.

179. BB2 dish bead rim, coarse black fabric grey core, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted angular white, occasional black grits burnished, medium fired.
180. BB2 flanged bowl with sharp bead, friable matrix with dense ill-sorted fine white quartz grits, hard.
181. Mortarium with flanged rim, slightly sandy white fabric with fine white and pink, occasional black grits, red and black trituration grits, hard.
182. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with reeded hammer rim, smooth cream fabric with rare white quartz, fine black inclusions, and iron rich specks, hard, no trituration grits present.
183. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with flanged rim, smooth with occasional fine iron rich specs rare very fine quartz at x40, pink tinged core, medium fired, no trituration grits.
184. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with hammer rim, smooth white fabric with occasional iron rich specks, hard, trituration grits.
185. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with flanged rim, smooth with occasional fine iron rich specks rare very fine quartz at x40, medium fired, no trituration grits.
186. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with reeded hammer rim, smooth cream fabric with occasional very fine white quartz grits and iron rich specks, medium fired, black, occasional white, trituration grits, repaired vessel, rivet holes seen in photo.
187. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with reeded hammer rim, Smooth white fabric with sparse white quartz and iron rich specks, medium fired, black trituration grits, hard.
188. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium with flanged rim, smooth white fabric with occasional very fine white and black grits and iron rich specks, medium fired, black occasional white trituration grits.

Section 4. Enclosure ditch top fill leveling layer, level 3.

189. Severn Valley bowl flared rim, sandy with ample mixed fine grits, rare chalk, Grey core, raised cordon round neck, medium fired.
190. Severn Valley bowl grooved flange rim, sandy with scattered fine quartz, occasional black grit iron rich inclusions, occasional chalk, medium fired.
191. Severn Valley bowl small bead rim, smooth fabric with rare fine quartz & black grits, soft.
192. Severn Valley bowl Tri-section rim, slightly sandy fabric, very fine quartz & chalk, burnt inclusions, medium fired.
193. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim, red sandy fabric with fine mixed grits and burnt out inclusions, grey core, medium fired.
194. Midland Grey Ware bowl everted rim, silty matrix with ample fine quartz & black grits, voids.
195. Severn Valley bowl thickened everted rim, smooth with occasional fine quartz, mica, soft fired.
196. Severn Valley tankard with incipient bead rim, smooth fabric with occasional fine chalk, ample mica, soft fired.
197. Severn Valley tankard with bead rim, smooth with rare quartz, ample cream chalk, red pellets, soft fired.
198. Severn Valley tankard with bead rim, smooth with occasional fine quartz & black grits.
199. Severn Valley tankard with bead rim, Slightly sandy very fine quartz & black grits, soft fired.
200. Midland Grey narrow necked jar with rolled rim, slightly sandy fabric with fine quartz, burnt inclusions, mica.
201. Severn Valley narrow necked jar with double bead rim, fine matrix with occasional white quartz grits, red fabric with grey core, soft.
202. Malvernian Reduced Ware narrow necked jar with double bead rim, smooth with angular quartz, occasional black grit, red pellets, fine chalk, mica, brown/orange with grey core, hard.
203. Midland Grey narrow necked flagon, fine sandy matrix with rare quartz grits, raised cordon below neck, medium fired.
204. Midland Grey dish plain rim, sandy laminar matrix with ample white quartz.
205. Severn Valley dish plain rim, slightly sandy with rare quartz, occasional mica & iron rich specks, medium fired.
206. Derby Ware? jar rolled rim, coarse crumbly with ample angular quartz grits to 1mm, pimply surface, distorted rim, very hard.

Section 4. Enclosure ditch top fill leveling layer, level 3. Bowls, dishes, jars, tankards, and strainer. Continued.

207. Mancetter white ware dish with small bead flange, smooth pinkish matrix with rare white & pink quartz, occasional chalk, medium fired.
208. Strainer base, source unknown, gritty black fabric with dense fine white angular mixed grits, hard.
209. Nene Valley, Mancetter White Ware? flanged bowl, smooth white fabric, no visible grits, soft.
210. Samian dish similar to Curle 80, fluted inner rim, pedestal base with chamfered legs, fine orange fabric with ample cream/yellow chalk, mica, very fine quartz grits, red & black inclusions, red slip the inner slip is brownish, Lezoux C Gaul.
211. Samian dish Dr 32 plain rim, fine orange fabric with ample cream chalk, voids, occasional very fine quartz, red & black inclusions, soft, C Gaul.
212. Samian pedestal base with potters stamp, possibly from a Dr 24/25 cup, fine fabric with ample cream chalk, red slip, E Gaul. There is only part of the stamp, but it appears it could be SENNIUS, early 2nd century.
213. Samian bowl Dr 18/31 plain rim, fine orange fabric with ample cream chalk, rare mica, occasional fine quartz, voids, red slip, Lezoux C Gaul.

Section 4. Enclosure ditch below rubble above silt. level 4.

215. Severn Valley bowl "S" shaped rim, smooth with rare fine quartz & black grits, mica, soft.
216. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim inward projecting bead, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, occasional chalk, burnt inclusions, twin incised lines round girth, soft.
217. Severn Valley bowl thickened flared rim, sandy with occasional fine quartz & black grits, twin incised lines round girth, hard.
218. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth orange fabric, very fine red grits, chalk, voids, soft.
219. Severn Valley bowl flanged inward projecting rim, brown smooth fabric, no visible grits @40x, mica, grey core, medium fired.
220. Severn Valley bowl "S" shaped rim, smooth with rare fine quartz, occasional chalk, rare red pellets, voids, grey core, hard.
221. Severn Valley bowl "S" shaped rim, slightly sandy with rare fine quartz, rare chalk & iron rich inclusions, mica.
222. Severn Valley bowl grooved flange rim, sandy with ample quartz, iron rich inclusions, grey core, 4 burnished lines round girth, thin oxidized surface, medium fired.
223. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth, no visible grits @ x40, occasional fine chalk, burnt out inclusions, soft.
224. Severn Valley bowl "S" shaped rim, slightly sandy with rare very fine quartz & black grits, mica, orange fabric grey core.
225. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim high bead, smooth orange fabric, no visible grits @40x, soft.
226. Severn Valley bowl thickened bead rim, gritty with ample fine quartz, iron rich specks, burnt inclusions, twin cordon below shoulder, medium fired.
227. Severn Valley bowl thickened flared rim, smooth orange fabric, no visible grits @ 40x, soft.
228. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth with rare quartz & chalk, occasional mica, soft.
229. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, slightly sandy with very fine mixed grits, rare chalk, burnt inclusions, grey core, soft.
230. Severn Valley bowl rolled rim, coarse laminar matrix with ample coal like inclusions and chalk, iron rich inclusions, grey core, medium fired.
231. Severn Valley bowl hooked everted rim, smooth, no visible grits, occasional burnt inclusions, rare chalk, medium fired.
232. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, slightly sandy ample fine quartz, orange fabric grey core, medium fired.

Section 4 Enclosure ditch, below rubble above silt Level 4 continued.

233. Severn Valley tankard incipient bead rim, smooth with rare quartz & chalk, medium fired.
234. Malvernian Reduced Ware narrow necked jar plain rim with flange, smooth with angular quartz, occasional black grit, red pellets, fine chalk, mica, mottled surface grey core, hard.
235. Severn Valley narrow necked jar with handle, fine orange fabric with grey core with no visible grits @ 40x, hard.
236. Severn Valley dish incipient bead rim, slightly sandy biscuit fabric, brown-black core, with rare fine quartz grits, hard.
237. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged with high bead rim, laminar matrix with abundant fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard. High bead is suggestive of late 3rd/4th century.
238. BB1 cooking bowl flanged with inward projecting rim, friable matrix with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
239. BB1 cooking pot everted rim, friable matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, fine diagonal lines in place of lattice, burnished, hard.
240. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth with rare very fine white quartz, mica and iron rich specks, possible red trituration grits, hard.
241. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium flanged rim, smooth with occasional fine white quartz grits and iron rich specks, black trituration grits, hard.
242. Samian bowl Dr18/31 bead rim, fine orange fabric with dense chalk, mica, very fine quartz, voids, red slip, Lezoux C Gaul.

Section 4. Enclosure ditch silt level 5 & 6.

243. Severn Valley bowl flange rim with slight inward projecting bead, sandy with occasional white quartz grits, soft.
244. Severn Valley globular bowl plain flared rim, smooth red fabric, fine sandy matrix with very fine quartz, occasional black grits, traces of yellow painted bands round girth, soft.
245. Severn Valley tankard incipient bead, smooth with ample cream chalk, rare quartz, soft.
246. BB1 cooking pot everted rim, friable with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished with obtuse lattice, hard, late 2nd/3rd century.
247. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth with rare quartz, scattered chalk, orange fabric pinkish core, twin incised lines above girth, medium fired.
248. Samian bowl Dr31 beaded rim, fine orange fabric dense chalk, red slip, Trier E Gaul.
249. Severn Valley bowl rounded tri-section rim, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, ample chalk & burnt out inclusions.
250. Mancetter mortarium hammer rim, smooth white fabric with plentiful mica and occasional fine white quartz and black grits, red sandstone & occasional white quartz trituration grits, hard.
251. Oxfordshire? mortarium flanged rim with pourer, pimply with plentiful white quartz up to 3mm, mica, white trituration grits, hard.
252. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium flanged rim, smooth with occasional fine white quartz & black grits iron rich specks, black trituration grits.

Section 4. Enclosure ditch burnt cobble fill.

The north leg of the ditch, near the wing, exits the excavation area at an oblique angle (see Fig 2.), this wedge section might not have been excavated, however a large anomaly shown on a magnetometer survey needed investigation.

The reason for the large response was found to be the ditch fill, this consisted almost entirely of burnt stones in an ash matrix, and unlike other sections of this ditch, lacked the rubble top fill, and Ad-Hoc waste disposal build up.

Due to the unstable nature of the fill in the section side, actually the middle of the ditch, complete excavation was considered unsafe, and was eventually abandoned before any silt levels had been reached.

253. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim incipient bead, crumbly fabric with ample ill sorted white quartz grits, burnished with irregular diagonal lines, hard, 2nd century.
254. BB1 dish incipient bead rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, grey core, burnished, hard.
255. Severn Valley dish incipient bead, smooth orange fabric with no visible grits @ 40x, soft.
256. Midland Grey jar rolled rim, smooth fabric with scattered fine white quartz grits, red core, hard.
257. Oxidized Red Ware bowl bead rim, smooth orange fabric with rare fine quartz grits occasional chalk, grey core, medium fired.
258. Severn Valley dish incipient bead, brown soft crumbly matrix with rare chalk, burnt out inclusions, grey core.
259. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, slightly sandy with ample very fine mixed grits occasional mica, voids, soft.
260. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, fine matrix with occasional white & black grits, rare chalk, soft.
261. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, fine matrix with occasional white & black grits, rare chalk, soft.
262. Malvernian Reduced Ware bowl everted rim, smooth with angular quartz, occasional black grit, red pellets, fine chalk, mica, brown fabric grey core giving a mottled surface, hard.
263. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, occasional chalk, occasional mica, grey core, medium.
264. Mancetter Mortarium flanged rim with pourer, smooth white fabric with occasional fine mixed grits, no trituration grits, hard.

Trench 1. 2nd century Ditch.

Other than a shallow primary silt, this section of ditch was filled in one operation, sometime during the 3rd century contemporary with the villa extension. After consolidation of the fill, the sink was levelled with rubble during the 4th century.

265. Samian cup Dr33 plain rim, incised groove round inner rim and above carination, smooth red fabric with very fine quartz, dense cream chalk, occasional mica, red & black inclusions, late 1st century, Lezoux C Gaul.
266. Samian cup Dr33 plain rim, incised groove round inner rim and mid body, smooth red fabric with very fine quartz, dense cream chalk, occasional mica, red and black inclusions, early 2nd century Lezoux C Gaul.

The above vessels were deposited in the middle soil & cobble fills below the top rubble fill.

267. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished with acute lattice, probably late 2nd to 3rd century, located in top rubble fill, hard.
268. Samian Small bowl hooked rim, very fine chalk & quartz, rare mica, red & black inclusions, voids, red slip, medium fired. This vessel has the hooked rim of type LV13 cup, but is too heavy, it is possibly a derivative of Curle 23 bowl. There is the suspicion that this vessel, together with 265, 266, is Colchester made, otherwise Lezoux C Gaul.
269. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim, friable with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished, faint arches, probably 2nd century, located in top rubble fill, hard.
270. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, ample fine chalk, medium fired.
271. BB2 Cooking pot everted rim, sandy matrix with ample ill sorted white quartz grits, burnished with obtuse lattice, probably 3rd century, located in top rubble fill, hard. Matching sherds located in middle fill of ditch in trench 8.

The above were located in the top rubble fills.

Trench 8. Level 3 rubble fill.

272. Regional Grey Cooking bowl flanged rim low bead, crumbly silty matrix with white quartz grit, hard.
273. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, hard.
274. Regional Grey dish plain rim, slightly sandy crumbly matrix with ample white quartz grits, possibly burnished with overlapping arches, lightly oxidized surface, medium fired.
275. Nene Valley? beaker beaded rim, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, ample fine chalk, black colour coat, hard.
276. Severn Valley tankard incipient bead rim, smooth with rare fine quartz & black grit, red pellets.
277. Severn Valley bowl squared rim turned over, smooth red fabric with rare fine quartz, chalk & mica, soft.
278. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric with occasional fine white grits & iron rich specks, black trituration grits, hard.
279. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, pimply white fabric with occasional fine white grits & iron rich specks, black trituration grits, reddish brown wavy line round rim, hard.

Trench 8. L4 sandy gravelly wash down below rubble fill, & L5 primary silt.

280. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, 3rd century, hard.
281. BB1 Cooking pot everted rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, mid-3rd century, hard.
282. BB2 bowl reeded bead rim, crumbly matrix with ample fine angular quartz, grey to red core, hard.
283. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged low bead rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, 3rd century, hard.
284. Severn Valley narrow necked jar plain rim with flange, slightly sandy red fabric with ample very fine quartz, two raised cordons below neck, medium fired.

Trench 4. South-east corner of 2nd century enclosure ditch.

Other than the top rubble layer, there was no deliberate filling.

Level 2. above rubble fill. Bowls jars & tankards

285. Severn Valley bowl undercut tri-section rim, sandy orange fabric with fine mixed grits, fine chalk, voids, grey core, medium fired.
286. Severn Valley bowl everted rim, smooth with scattered fine pink quartz, rare black grit, cream chalk, red pellets, soft.
287. Severn Valley bowl cheese press, fine matrix with no visible grits @40x, raised ridge round inner base, soft.
288. Severn Valley bowl turned over rim, smooth with occasional chalk & fine black grit, mica, grey core, medium fired.
289. Mancetter White Ware? bowl flanged rim, fine white fabric with pink core, white to brown quartz, occasional black grit, soft.
290. Severn Valley Tri-section rim undercut, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, occasional chalk, grey core, soft.

Trench 4. South-east corner 2nd century enclosure ditch. Level 3 rubble fill. Bowls jars & tankards.

291. Severn Valley bowl bead rim, smooth with no visible grit @ 40x, occasional cream chalk & mica, hard.
292. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, slightly sandy with plentiful fine quartz, rare chalk.
293. Severn Valley bowl hooked rim, sandy matrix with plentiful fine quartz, large black grit, rare chalk, mica, grey core.
294. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim undercut, smooth with occasional fine quartz, rare black grits & chalk, medium fired.
295. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim under cut, smooth with rare fine quartz, chalk & mica, medium fired.
296. Midland Grey Ware bowl turned over rim, smooth with ample ill-sorted angular quartz grits.
297. Severn Valley bowl undercut tri-section rim inward projecting bead, slightly sandy orange fabric, with occasional white quartz, rare red grit, mica, voids, hard.
298. Severn Valley bowl everted rim small bead, slightly sandy with rare quartz & fine chalk, dense fine burnt out temper, medium fired.
299. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim undercut, smooth with rare quartz & chalk, occasional mica, soft.
300. Severn Valley flanged bowl, brownish red fabric with grey core, sandy with scattered quartz, rare chalk.
301. Severn Valley bowl flared rim, smooth with occasional fine quartz, red pellets, burnt inclusions, medium fired.
302. Severn Valley bowl "S" shaped rim, smooth with scattered fine quartz, occasional chalk, soft.
303. Severn Valley narrow necked jar tri-section rim undercut, slightly sandy with plentiful quartz & occasional black grits & mica, soft.
304. Severn Valley narrow necked jar turned over rim, fine orange fabric with red core, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, occasional chalk.
305. Severn Valley tankard incipient bead, smooth fabric with scattered quartz, occasional burnt inclusions, iron rich specks, grey core, hard.

Trench 4. 2nd c. South-east enclosure ditch corner. Level 2. above rubble fill. Cooking vessels & mortarium.

306. Midland Grey flanged Cooking bowl, silty matrix with ample white quartz grit.
307. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with ample ill-sorted quartz, burnished.
308. Oxfordshire? mortarium flanged rim, slightly sandy cream fabric with plentiful white quartz grits, iron rich specks, no trituration grits, hard.

Trench 4. 2nd c. South-east enclosure ditch corner. Level 3. rubble fill. Cooking vessels & mortarium.

309. BB1 cooking bowl flat rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, late 1st early 2nd century.
310. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard, 3rd/4th century.
311. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim high bead, coarse fabric with dense white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard, 3rd/4th century.
312. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim low bead, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz grey core, burnished, hard, 3rd century.
313. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim low bead, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished with overlapping arches, hard, 3rd century.
314. Regional Grey cooking bowl flanged rim medium bead, silty laminar matrix with abundant white quartz grits, possibly burnished, hard, 3rd century.
315. BB1 cooking bowl flanged rim, friable with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, hard, 3rd/4th century.
316. Regional Grey dish incipient bead rim medium bead, silty laminar matrix with ample quartz, occasional black grits, cream colour coat and overlapping arches, hard.
317. BB2 dish incipient bead rim medium bead, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz, black fabric with grey core, burnished, overlapping arches, hard.
318. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz, burnished with obtuse lattice, hard, late 2nd/3rd century.
319. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, orange chevron bands on rim, fine white fabric with very fine white & black grits and iron rich specks, hard.

Trench 4. 2nd century ditch level 4. below rubble fill.

320. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth, no visible grits, calcite, voids, grey core.
321. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, slightly sandy ample very fine white quartz occasional black grits.
322. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth occasional quartz, rare mica.
323. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth orange fabric, no visible grits @ 40x. Twin incised lines round girth, drilled hole in neck, soft.
324. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth with occasional quartz, rare chalk, iron rich inclusions, red pellets, twin incised lines round girth, raised cordon round neck, grey core, soft.
325. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth, no visible grits, rare chalk & mica, soft.
326. Severn Valley "S" shaped bowl bead rim, sandy with ample mixed grits, mainly translucent quartz, medium fired.
327. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim inward projecting bead, gritty light brown/orange fabric with ample quartz, occasional red grits fabric grey core, medium.
328. Severn Valley bowl beaded rim, smooth fabric with no visible grits, occasional mica, soft.
329. Severn Valley dish plain rim, smooth orange fabric with fairly dense very fine chalk, rare fine quartz grits, grey core, soft.
330. Severn Valley bowl flattened rim, sandy with ample extremely fine quartz grits, mica.
331. Severn Valley dish beaded rim, smooth red fabric with scattered quartz, occasional chalk, soft.
332. Severn Valley tankard incipient bead rim, smooth with no visible grits @ 40x, occasional chalk, soft.
333. Samian bowl Dr 18/31 beaded, fine orange fabric with ample cream chalk, mica, very fine quartz, red and black inclusions, voids, red slip, hard, Lezoux C Gaul.
334. Midland Grey Ware narrow necked jar tri-section rim, silty matrix with rare quartz & black grits, occasional chalk, burnt inclusions.

Trench 4. Level 5. Ditch silt. Bowls & dishes.

335. Severn Valley bowl flanged & bead rim, sandy with scattered quartz, iron rich inclusions, mica, grey core, medium.
336. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim with large internal bead, slightly sandy, occasional fine quartz grits, occasional chalk, grey core, soft.
337. Severn Valley bowl flanged rim inward projecting bead, sandy with plentiful very fine white quartz grits, grey core.
338. Severn Valley bowl semi tri-section rim, incipient inward projecting bead, silty matrix with fine quartz & black grits, occasional chalk, brownish outer, grey core, twin lines below girth, hard.
339. Severn Valley dish plain rim, smooth with rare fine quartz.

Trench 4. level 4. below rubble fill, above silt.

340. BB2 cooking bowl flat rim, Crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz, burnished, hard.
341. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim low bead, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz burnished, hard.
342. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz, burnished, hard.
343. BB2 cooking dish rim, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted angular quartz, burnished, hard.
344. BB1 cooking bowl flat rim, friable matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
345. Regional Grey dish incipient bead rim, laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits occasional black grit, cream colour coat, overlapping arches, hard.
346. Regional Grey dish plain rim, laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
347. Midland Grey Ware bowl large bead rim, slightly sandy with dense very fine quartz & black grits, light Grey core slightly oxidized surface, medium fired.
348. Oxfordshire mortarium red slightly sandy fabric reduced core, occasional white quartz grits & calcite inclusions, cream colour coat.

Trench 4. level 5. Ditch silt.

349. BB2 cooking bowl flat rim, crumbly black matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, grey core, burnished, hard.
350. BB1 cooking bowl flat rim, friable black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished, overlapping arches, hard.

Pottery in other features.

F260. re-used Iron Age pit Section 4.

351. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, slightly sandy with fine rare quartz & chalk occasional burnt inclusions, light grey core, twin incised lines round neck, soft.
352. Severn Valley bowl tri-section undercut rim, smooth with no visible grits, occasional burnt inclusions and mica, grey core, soft.
353. BB1 dish plain rim, coarse black fabric with dense well sorted fine white quartz grits, burnished overlapping arches, hard.
354. BB2 dish plain rim, black fabric with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, hard.
355. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, black fabric with dense white quartz grits, oxidized core, burnished, hard.

F261/264 Late Iron Age stockade gully, redundant and filled late 1st century.

356. Potters stamp on Verulamium mortarium, stamp is of Albinus who worked in the area of Verulamium circa 69-90 AD. The fabric is coarse cream with dense white & pink quartz grits, colour coat.

F196. hearth within the late 1st C. rectangular timber building

357. Malvernian Reduced jar bead rim & handle, fine dark grey matrix red core, with occasional fine quartz grits, badly distorted, very hard.
358. Samian bowl Dr 18/31 bead rim, Fine with sparse cream chalk & mica, VF quartz, voids, black inclusions, Central Gaul late 1st to early 2nd century.
359. BB2 Cooking bowl flat rim, sandy fabric with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished, overlapping arches, 1st century, hard.
360. Cooking bowl flared lid seating rim, medium buff fabric with dense white grits, burnt surface, hard.
361. BB2 cooking pot everted rim, coarse fabric with dense white quartz grits, burnished, red outer with grey core, burnished with obtuse lattice, hard, profile typical of 2nd century.

F388 posthole under floor of wing.

362. Samian bowl Dr18/31 elongated bead rim, smooth orange fabric with very fine quartz, ample white chalk, occasional mica, red inclusions, red slip, central Gaul possibly Lezoux 2nd century.

F231 posthole S4

363. Samian bowl Dr18/31 bead rim fine red fabric with dense chalk, red slip, east Gaul 2nd century.
364. Regional Grey cooking pot everted rim, medium sandy matrix with ill-sorted white grits, burnished, hard, late 2nd century.

F180 Posthole S4.

365. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium reeded hammer rim, smooth white fabric rare white quartz grits and iron rich specs, hard, no trituration grits, 3rd century.

F204 Posthole S4.

366. Mancetter/Hartshill early hammer rim, smooth white fabric occasional white quartz grits rare very fine black grits and iron rich specs, black trituration grits, hard, late 2nd century.

F200 enclosure ditch to the 300m south west of villa.

Crop marks and two trial trenches have confirmed the presence of a 3rd ditched enclosure, there is as yet little evidence to suggest a date, other than a tentative 2nd century. 367 & 368 are the only drawn pottery recovered from the trial trenches.

367. BB2 cooking bowl flanged rim medium to high bead, coarse fabric with ample ill sorted white quartz grits, red core, burnished, hard.
368. Severn Valley bowl bead rim, sandy with very fine white grits.

Sealed under mid-2nd century. Opus Signinum Floor of Apsidal wing.

369. Severn Valley Ware tankard bead rim, smooth with occasional quartz, rare chalk, red pellets, occasional mica, hard.
370. Severn Valley bowl tri-section rim, smooth orange fabric occasional mica, twin cordon round girth, hard.
371. Midland Grey narrow necked jar turned over rim, silty matrix with ample fine quartz grits, hard.

Trenches 10, 11 & 12

These trenches cover the 17 metres between Section 3 and Trench 1, see Fig 2. This area was opened up in order to obtain dating evidence for the redundancy of F133 the 1st century ditched enclosure.

This ditch became redundant after the build of the mid-2nd century villa, it was filled in one operation, after a period of consolidation the fill had sunk, the pot in the higher fills L3 & L4 contained building debris that could have been generated by the 3rd century villa extension.

L5 & L6 Bottom & middle fills

All the BB1 material has a friable black matrix with ample well sorted white quartz grits, burnished, with a hard surface. None appear to be later than the 2nd century.

372. BB1 narrow necked jug, beaded rim.
373. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
374. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
375. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
376. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
377. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
378. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim.
379. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim, rim distorted.
380. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim, scant remains of lattice.
381. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim, obtuse lattice.
382. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim, obtuse lattice, burnished, hard.
383. BB1 Dish plain rim, overlapping arches.
384. BB1 Dish plain rim, overlapping arches.
385. BB1 Dish plain rim, overlapping arches.
386. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim, overlapping arches.
387. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim, overlapping arches.
388. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim, overlapping arches.
389. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim incipient bead, overlapping arches.
390. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim, overlapping arches.
391. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim incipient bead, overlapping arches.
392. BB1 Cooking bowl flanged rim incipient bead, overlapping arches.
393. BB2 Cooking pot, everted rim, coarse black friable matrix with ample ill-sorted mixed white, black & red grits, grey core, obtuse lattice, burnished.
394. BB2 Cooking pot, everted rim, sandy matrix with dense ill-sorted white quartz grits, burnished with lattice, hard.

Level 3 & 4 building debris fill.

394. BB2 Cooking pot everted rim, Medium sandy with ample ill-sorted white quartz grits, hard.
395. BB1 Cooking pot, everted rim, friable matrix with dense well sorted white quartz grit, obtuse lattice, burnished, hard.

T10-T12 F133 ditch. When the 2nd C. ditch was constructed it utilised approximately 50% of the earlier 1st C. ditch, the redundant half of the latter was probably backfilled using spoil from the new deeper and wider ditch. As the homogeneous fill was over a very short period the levels are not that important, however they have been maintained, levels 5 & 6 are the lower and bottom levels, and 3 & 4 are the top and lower top.

Levels 5 & 6 Mortarium

397. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, flanged rim, fine matrix occasional mica, fine quartz, rare red grits.
398. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, hammer rim, fine fabric occasional mica rare fine white and red grits.
399. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, hammer rim, fine fabric occasional mica rare fine quartz and iron rich specks.
400. Mancetter/Hartshill, reeded hammer rim, fine fabric, occasional mica, dense very fine quartz occasional black & iron rich specks.

L4 Mortarium

402. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, flanged rim, fine fabric occasional mica, fine quartz, iron rich specks.
403. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, flanged rim, fine fabric occasional mica, rare very fine quartz, occasional iron rich specks.
404. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, early hammer rim, fine fabric occasional mica fine quartz, iron rich specks.

Samian L5 & 6

405. Samian dish possibly Dr36 rim missing, fine pink matrix with dense cream chalk, red specks, Trier east Gaul.
406. Samian dish Dr 18/31? fine matrix with scattered cream chalk, Trier east Gaul.
407. Samian dish Dr18 or 31, fine, no mica, ample cream chalk, Trier east Gaul.
408. Samian dish Dr18/31, fine red matrix with dense fine cream chalk, Trier east Gaul.
409. Samian flanged bowl Dr38, fine pink matrix with ample cream/yellow chalk, mica, rare very fine quartz, Lezoux central Gaul.
410. Samian cup Dr33, granular matrix with occasional cream chalk, mica, rare red pellets, central Gaul.
411. Samian bowl hooked rim, granular pink matrix with rare cream chalk, occasional mica, very fine quartz, Lezoux central Gaul.
412. Samian dish Dr18/31R, fine red fabric, dense cream chalk, no mica, unidentified potters stamp, drilled hole, Trier east Gaul.
413. Samian cup Dr33, granular pink matrix with dense cream chalk, occasional mica, very fine quartz, Lezoux central Gaul.

T10-T12 F133 ditch L5 & L6 Ditch

419. Severn Valley Flagon neck/rim, gritty fabric, ample angular quartz grits, rare black grit, mica and calcite, evidence of handle under rim.

Tri sect L5 & 6

420. Severn Valley bowl, undercut tri-section rim, smooth fabric, rare fine white grits, rare chalk, mica, trace of burnishing.
421. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim, smooth fabric with rare quartz, iron rich inclusions, mica, trace of burnishing.
422. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section undercut rim, smooth fabric, no visible grits x40, mica.
423. Severn Valley bowl, undercut tri-section rim, smooth fine matrix, scattered fine quartz, red pellets, and mica.
424. Severn Valley bowl, tri-sect rim, smooth with rare quartz & chalk.
425. Severn Valley bowl, rounded tri-section rim severely undercut, slightly sandy, rare fine quartz, mica.

Tankards L5 & 6

426. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim, smooth fabric, rare quartz grits, plentiful mica.
427. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim, fine sandy matrix, ample extremely fine quartz, rare chalk, iron rich specks.
428. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim, smooth silty matrix with scattered quartz, rare chalk, burnt inclusions, iron rich inclusions.
429. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim & handle, smooth fabric, rare quartz, scattered fine cream chalk, red pellets, iron rich inclusions.
430. Severn Valley bowl, flared "S" shaped rim, smooth fabric with rare quartz, mica.
431. Severn Valley strainer, flared "S" shaped rim, smooth fabric occasional quartz & chalk, iron rich inclusions, mica.
432. Severn Valley strainer, flared rim missing tip, smooth fabric, fine mixed grits mainly quartz.
433. Severn Valley bowl, flared rim, smooth fabric, no visible grits @ x40, ample gold & silver mica.
434. Severn Valley bowl, beaded rim, sandy fabric, fine mixed grits & mica.
435. Severn Valley bowl, flanged rim, smooth with rare quartz & chalk, iron rich inclusions.
436. Severn Valley bowl, flanged rim with internal bead, slightly sandy friable fabric occasional fine black grits, plentiful mica.
437. Severn Valley bowl, flanged rim with internal bead, smooth with no visible grits, rare chalk.
438. Severn Valley small bowl, bead rim, slightly sandy with occasional quartz, rare chalk, iron rich inclusions, mica, voids.

T10-T12. L2 & 3 levels disturbed by temporary road.

443. Nene Valley body sherd, brown colour wash, gritty with ample white quartz, occasional black grits.
444. Regional Grey dish, plain rim, crumbly matrix with dense quartz and occasional black grits.
445. Midland Grey narrow necked grey jar, smooth silty matrix with rare white quartz & occasional black grits.
446. Midland Grey jar, bead rim with flange, smooth with occasional angular white quartz grits, rare calcite inclusions.
447. Samian dish with hooked rim, brownish red slip, granular pink matrix with rare cream chalk, occasional mica, very fine quartz, Lezoux central Gaul late 1st or early 2nd century. L3 over top ditch fill.
448. Samian dish Dr18/31R? bead rim, dark red slip, granular pink matrix with rare cream chalk, occasional mica, very fine quartz, Lezoux central Gaul, late 1st or early 2nd century.
449. Regional Grey Cooking pot, everted rim, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits.
450. Regional Grey dish, plain rim, crumbly laminar matrix with dense quartz and occasional black grits.
451. Midland Grey narrow necked jar, bead rim & flange, smooth with occasional angular white quartz grits, rare calcite inclusions.

L4 & 5

452. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim, smooth fabric occasional white quartz grits, mica. L4.
453. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim, sandy with scattered quartz, rare black grits, iron rich inclusions, top ditch fill.
454. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, flanged rim, fine fabric occasional very fine quartz & occasional iron rich specks, 2nd century, L4 high fill of F133 ditch.
455. Midland Grey narrow necked jar, heavy bead rim, silty matrix with very rare quartz and calcite, pin hole voids. L5.

L6

456. Severn Valley bowl, flared rim, smooth fabric, no visible grits @ x40, ample gold & silver mica. F446 posthole.
457. Samian dish Lud Tg, base with raised foot, fine red matrix with ample cream chalk, rare mica, occasional very fine quartz & red inclusions, voids, Lezoux C Gaul, late 1st or early 2nd century. F460 posthole.

T15 & T16 Enclosure Entrance F482 L4

513. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim undercut, smooth matrix with no visible grits, very rare very fine chalk, twin cordon below shoulder, burnished.
514. Severn Valley bowl, flared rim, smooth chalky matrix with scattered quartz, occasional chalk, cordon above girth.
515. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim, smooth chalky matrix with ample white chalk, fine mixed grit, iron rich inclusions.
516. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, hammer rim with incipient pourer, smooth matrix with rare quartz, iron rich specks, 3rd/4th century.
517. Severn Valley dish, plain rim, chalky matrix with ample very fine chalk, scattered quartz.
518. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim, smooth with occasional quartz, plentiful white chalk, possible burnishing.
519. BB1 cooking bowl, flanged rim, friable matrix with dense semi sorted quartz, occasional slate inclusions, burnished, late 1st century.
520. Central Gaul beaker, incipient bead rim, Black colour coated with barbotine trailed slip, Lezoux, 2nd century.
521. Samian dish copy Dr18/31? bead rim, Fine red matrix with ample very fine quartz, rare clay pellets, no mica or chalk, British copy.
522. BB1 cooking pot, everted rim, friable matrix with dense well sorted fine white quartz, no visible slate, burnished.
523. Regional Grey dish, plain rim, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished.
524. Regional Grey dish, flanged rim high bead, crumbly laminar matrix with ample white quartz grits, burnished, 3rd/4th century.

T15 & T16 F148 high ditch fill

525. Severn Valley bowl, flanged rim, slightly sandy matrix with occasional very fine quartz & red grit, occasional larger quartz, twin grooves on top of flange, 3rd century.
526. BB1 dish, plain rim, friable matrix with dense semi sorted quartz, no visible slate, burnished, faint overlapping arches.
527. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section rim undercut, smooth matrix with rare quartz, very rare fine chalk, iron rich inclusions, twin cordons below shoulder.
528. Severn Valley tankard, incipient bead rim & handle, smooth with plentiful quartz, occasional mica, possible burnishing, 3rd century.
529. Regional Grey cooking pot, everted rim, crumbly laminar matrix with dense white quartz and occasional black grits.
530. Severn Valley dish, plain turned out rim, fine matrix with very rare quartz & cream chalk.
531. Severn Valley bowl, beaded undercut rim, smooth fine matrix with occasional pink quartz, rare cream chalk, 3rd century.
532. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, reeded hammer rim, fine matrix with rare pink quartz, rare iron rich specks & cream chalk, ironstone and sandstone trituration grits, 3rd century.

T15 & T16 Middle fill L4 F148 ditch

533. Mancetter/Hartshill mortarium, reeded hammer rim, fine matrix with occasional quartz grit, iron rich specks, ironstone and sandstone trituration grits.
534. BB1 cooking bowl, flanged with low bead rim, friable matrix with dense semi sorted quartz, occasional slate inclusions, burnished.

T17 F148 top ditch fill

540. BB1 cooking pot, everted rim, friable matrix with dense semi sorted white quartz, slate inclusions, burnished, obtuse lattice, 3rd century.
541. BB1 cooking bowl, flanged rim high bead, friable matrix with dense semi sorted white quartz, slate inclusions, burnished with faint overlapping arches, 3rd/4th century.
542. Regional Grey cooking bowl, flanged rim medium bead, chalky matrix with scattered white & brown quartz grits, 3rd century.
543. BB2 cooking bowl, flanged rim with low bead, crumbly matrix with dense ill-sorted rounded quartz, burnished arches, 2nd/3rd century.
544. Regional Grey cooking bowl, flanged rim with high bead, crumbly matrix with dense ill sorted quartz, occasional black grit, 3rd/4th century.
545. Severn Valley bowl, flared shaped rim, fine sandy matrix with very fine white quartz, occasional chalk inclusions.
546. Severn Valley bowl, tri-section undercut rim, fine sandy matrix with occasional larger white quartz, occasional chalk inclusions.

Middle to low ditch fill L4 & 5

548. BB2 cooking bowl, flanged rim with medium bead, crumbly matrix with ample white & orange quartz, occasional black grit, burnished with overlapping arches, 3rd century.
549. Severn Valley bowl, hooked rim, sandy matrix with ample very fine quartz, rare very fine chalk, iron rich inclusions, mica.
550. Severn Valley narrow necked jar, rolled rim, fine chalky matrix with scattered quartz grit.

Churchyard

Trench 18 Level 2 below old plough.

552. Severn Valley bowl, flanged rim with double raised cordon on top, crumbly matrix with fairly dense quartz.
553. Severn Valley narrow necked jar, crumbly matrix with fairly dense quartz.

F495 4th century drain.

556. Severn Valley globular bowl, bead rim, fine chalky matrix, occasional larger white chalk, rare fine quartz, mica.

Trench 19 L4 clayey soil below debris

558. Midland Grey narrow necked jar, fine silty matrix, rare fine quartz, black inclusions.
559. Midland Grey bowl with turned out rim, fine silty matrix, occasional fine quartz, grooved cordon round girth.
560. Midland Grey carinated bowl, bead rim, fine silty matrix, occasional fine quartz, rare white chalk inclusions.

T21 L5 sandy soil.

562. BB2 cooking pot, everted rim, fine matrix with ample mixed quartz, rare chalk, burnt inclusions, calcite inclusions. L3 dark clean soil below plough soil.

T23. L4 & 5. F131 ditch deliberate homogenous fill.

563. BB2 cooking bowl, flanged rim with high bead, burnished, late 3rd century, middle fill of F131 ditch, coal like inclusions.

Prehistoric, Iron Age.

Pottery from the pre-Roman period was generally spread over a sandy gravely subsoil, mainly below, but occasionally within roman occupation levels, the latter probably re-deposited by the digging of ditches and postholes, in all 65 sherds were recovered, mainly fragments, 14 rim sections drawn.

574. Cooking pot with bead rim, coarse friable with angular white, occasionally black, quartz grits, with calcite opening and mica inclusions, recovered from over F247 remains of burnt stone mound disturbed by wing & villa construction.
575. Cooking pot with thickened rim, coarse black fabric with abundant mixed but mainly white quartz grits, recovered from 3rd century fill of 2nd century enclosure ditch.
576. Cooking pot with thickened rim, coarse crumbly black fabric with mixed white and black grits, light vertical fingered grooves below rim, recovered from 3rd century fill of 2nd century enclosure ditch.
577. Cooking pot with inward projecting bead rim, coarse crumbly black fabric with white and black grits, calcite opening and occasional mica, oxidised outer, recovered from 3rd century fill of 2nd century enclosure ditch.
578. Cooking pot with plain rim, coarse black fabric with calcite grits up to 2.5mm, recovered from F247 burnt stone deposit cut by wing construction.
579. Cooking pot with plain rim, coarse gritty with white & black grits, abundant calcite opening and mica, recovered from late 2nd early 3rd century cobbled surface section 4 and Iron Age levels section 5.
580. Cooking pot with inward projecting bead rim, coarse very gritty fabric with white & black grits, abundant calcite opening and mica inclusions, recovered from Roman levels of trench 6.
581. Cooking pot with bead rim, coarse gritty with white & black grits, occasional mica, recovered from Iron Age level 5 section 4.
582. Cooking pot with incipient bead rim, ample fine grits with regular larger quartz, L3 Disturbed level.
583. Cooking pot with incipient bead rim, ample quartz and black grits, recovered from Ash & burnt clay of probable oven remains F532 S4.
584. Cooking pot, coarse friable matrix with ample quartz, occasional black grits, recovered from re-sited burnt stones F499 in churchyard.
585. Cooking pot with bead rim, friable coarse fabric with ample quartz, black grit, chalk, recovered from ash, burnt clay of F532 possible oven S4.
586. Cooking pot with bead rim, fine matrix with ample fine mixed grit, oxidized inner surface, the fabric suggests very late Iron Age, L5 S5.

Bronze Age pottery

587. Bowl with inward projecting rim, coarse orange sandy fabric with fine grits, lack of opening materials, fingernail impressions on body & rim, located in Iron Age levels section 4.
588. Base sherds with cordon decoration, coarse friable matrix with white quartz & black grits up to 3mm, recovered from F408 gully S5.
589. Bowl orange and black fabric with finger nail decoration, white quartz & black grits up to 3mm. These, with no. 588, were the only artefacts recovered from F408 gully S5.
590. Bowl with plain rim & incipient flange, white & pink quartz with black ironstone grits, oxidized outer.

Neolithic pottery.

Although the site contains many post and stake holes, none can be dated to the Neolithic period, but the artefacts recovered at least denotes activity, and flints recovered suggest at least a transient occupation in the Mesolithic.

591. Body sherd with grooved decoration similar "Prehistoric pot" Durrington Walls by Alex Gibson & Ann Woods p179, coarse fabric with fine mixed angular quartz grits.
592. Body sherd with bird bone impressions, coarse friable black fabric with fine mixed grits and 3% added white quartz opening 2-4mm, recovered from clean sandy gravel below roman occupation levels S2.
593. "T" section rim, coarse friable black fabric with fine mixed white & black grits, 3% added white quartz 2-4mm, twisted cord impressions on rim and body. Recovered from level 6 the natural clean sandy gravel below roman levels.
594. Body sherd, with finger nail & stab decoration, friable matrix with fine angular white grits, 5% added, located in F261 Iron Age palisade.
595. Neck and rim sherd, coarse black fabric with fine mixed grits and 2% added opening, recovered from level 6 the natural clean sandy gravel layer below Roman occupation.

Flints.

Flint flakes, wasters, and the occasional worked example have been recovered from all levels of the excavation, the presence of flakes and wasters is perhaps more important than the worked tools, as they tell us that flint knapping was carried out on site. Illustrated is just a sample of flints from the excavation.

596. Knife in brown flint, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6 section 4, no reworking.
597. Knife from disturbed level 4 section 4, no reworking.
598. Thumb scraper in dark brown flint, reworked, recovered by field walking.
599. Possible borer in dark brown flint, from disturbed level 4 section 5, no reworking.
600. Knife in mottled grey, reworked, prehistoric level 6 section 5.
601. Scraper/knife light grey flint, reworked, from F131 2nd century ditch fill.
602. Scraper/knife in brown flint, reworked, recovered from disturbed level 4 section 4.
603. Knife in brown flint, from bottom fill of F131 ditch section 4, no reworking.
604. Scraper? Light brown flint, reworked, from disturbed level 4, section 4.
605. Flake light grey, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6 T19 churchyard.
606. Light brown thumb scraper, broken, reworked, from disturbed levels 4, T3.
607. Light brown scraper, no reworking, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6, section 4.
608. Brown flake, possible borer, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6 section 4, no reworking.
609. Brown flake, no reworking, from disturbed level 3 section 5.
610. Light brown knife, no reworking, from level 4 roman levels, section 3.
611. Broken arrowhead, greyish white flint, recovered on clean gravely surface below roman levels.
612. Brown borer, no reworking, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6 section 4.
613. Dark brown microlith, reworked, sandy gravely prehistoric level 6, section 5.
614. Red microlith reworked, from F133 ditch top fill.
615. Grey/white microlith from sandy gravely prehistoric levels T11.
616. Creamy white microlith, reworked, from sandy gravely level 6, section 5.
617. Brown microlith, reworked, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6, T15.
618. Brown microlith, reworked, from sandy gravely prehistoric level 6, T15.

Brooches & Coins

Just 19 coins and 8 brooches have been recovered during excavation, however 30 years of study in fields surrounding the villa complex has increased the total Roman coin list to 58, and fibula to 30.

Of the locations mentioned, the "West" field is located just 50 metres to west of the villa building, the Meadow and Canal field are two adjoining field sandwiched between the canal and the River Penk some 400 meters north west of the complex, a public footpath bisects the meadow and the canal field, this path carries on to cross the river at this point, due to the number of brooches found in this locality it is possible a river crossing existed in Roman times.

The meadow finds were recovered during the laying of new water mains to service the village.

The landowner has reported that during work to divert the River for construction of the nearby M6 motorway, a heavy concentration of Roman roof tile material was disturbed, if the identification of this material is correct it would appear that a building of sorts existed in this same area as most of the finds.

The coins found during excavation are mentioned separately in the excavation report and are listed below.

• Coin 2. Located in the primary silt of the ditch.
• Coin 9. Located in top rubble fill of ditch.
• Coin 10. Recovered in Trench 3. On interface between temporary road and L3.
• Coin 19. Located in top rubble fill of ditch.
• Coin 24. Located under Marl rectangular deposits F83, and top of cobbles section 4.
• Coins 32 & 41. Located below robbing debris above clean occupation level, 1 metre north of wall C of apsidal wing.
• Coin 30. Located in top leveling fill of ditch.
• Coin 46. Located in Rubbish pit F134.
• Coin 54. Located in Trench 10 Level 5, just above natural.
• Coin 55. Recovered in churchyard during watching brief.
• Coin 59. Recovered from below west nave foundation during watching brief.

Of the remainder:

• 14 found in South field.
• 12 found in West field.
• 8 found in Church field.
• 5 found 1m below surface during soil clearance for church car park in Church field.
• 1 found in molehill in churchyard.
• 4 found in Canal field.
• 1 found in pipeline trench in meadow.
• 1 found 0.5km south in Barn field (not on photo).
• 1 found at Shuthill 0.25km south (not on photo).

Coins

1. Mark Anthony Denarius 18mm, worn smooth, R faint galley, no legend, 2.6 grams.
2. Vespasian Denarius 20mm. IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG. R. IOVIS CVSTOS. Jupiter standing l. 2.2 grams.
3. Vespasian Denarius 18mm. IMP CAES VESP AVG P M COS III. R. AVG TRI POT*** Figure possibly holding sacrificial artefacts, 1.9 grams. COS III suggests mint date of 71AD.
4. Hadrian Sestertius. 31mm. Badly worn, R figure seated with child, 14.4 grams.
5. Hadrian Sestertius 30mm. Badly worn, R figure standing, 19.6 grams.
6. Hadrian Sestertius 29mm. Badly worn, R figure standing, 17 grams.
7. Hadrian Sestertius 28mm. Badly worn, R figure standing, 13.3 grams.
8. Antoninus Pius Denarius, 16mm, ob legends, R. Antoninus sacrificing over tripod altar, 1.2 grams.
9. Faustina Dupondius. 27mm. Badly worn, R figure seated, l hand raised, 9.4 grams.
10. Commodus. Sestertius 32mm, COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG. R. P M TR P V IIII IMP VI COSIIII, Securitas or Venus std l holding Sceptre in lt hd, 22.7 grams. R P VIII, IMP VI & COS IIII = mint date of AD183.
11. Septimius Severus Denarius 18mm. legend damaged possibly *** SEV PERT AVG *** VIII R. PM TR P V COSII PP. Salus seated, 1.9 grams, VIII & COSII suggests mint date of AD196.
12. Septimius Severus Denarius 17mm. SEV PERT AVG. part legend missing.
13. Alexander Severus. Denarius, 15mm. No legends. R. Emperor std l sacrificing from patera over tripod, holding scroll in l hd, 1.2 grams.
14. Julia Maesa or Mamaea. Denarius. 16mm, JVLIA AVG. R. Legends lost, figure std, 1.8 grams.
15. Gallienus Antoninianus, 20mm. legends lost. R. figure holding palm and sceptre, 1.7 grams.
16. Gallienus Antoninianus, 20mm. legends lost, 2.3 grams.
17. Postumus Antoninianus, 20-25mm, IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG. R. IOVI STATORI Jupiter holding sceptre and thunderbolt, 2.8 grams.
18. Postumus Radiate Antoninianus, 15mm, legends lost, 1.7 grams.
19. Postumus Radiate Antoninianus, 15mm, legends lost. R. Felicitas holding caduceus and cornucopia, 2.1 grams.
20. 20–25. Unidentified Radiates.
26. Victorinus Antoninianus. 20mm IMP VICTORIVS***AUG. R. INVICTUS Sol advancing, 2.8 grams.
27. Victorinus Antoninianus. 18mm as above, 2.8 grams.
28. Claudius II. Antoninianus. 17mm, legends lost. R. Salus feeding serpent. 3.2 grams.
29. Claudius II. Antoninianus. 15mm Radiate, legends lost, R. totally corroded. 1.2 grams.
30. Tetricus II Radiate Antoninianus. 19mm C.PIV.ESV TETRICVS CAES. R. Spes advancing. ***AVGG. 2.3 grams.
31. Tetricus II Radiate Antoninianus. 15mm legends lost, 0.9 grams.
32. Tetricus II Radiate Antoninianus. 14mm, legends lost, 1.1 grams.
33. Diocletian Follis 29mm IMP C DIOCLETIAN AVG. R. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI Genius std l, In ex PLG, 10.6 grams.
34. Constantine I. Follis 22mm. DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO. Bust, Laureate, veiled, draped, r. R. MEMORIA FELIX Eagle either side of alter. PTR, 3.6 grams. Issued by Constantine in honour of his father Constantius.
35. Constantine I. Follis 18mm, CONSTANTINVS ***. R. Campgate, legends lost, 1.8 grams.
36. Constantine I. Follis 19mm, CONSTANTVS ***. R. SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Sol std holding globe & sceptre, in ex STR. 2.6 grams.
37. Constantine I. Follis 21mm, Ob no clear legend. R. FELICITAS figure (Jupiter?) holding globe & standards?
38. Constantine I. Follis 14-17mm Bust l, no legend. R. Campgate, 1.1 grams.
39. Constantine I. Follis 18mm, legends lost, 1.5 grams.
40. Constantine I. Follis 16mm. oB badly corroded. R. Laurel wreath around VOT X, In Ex PL**. 1.5 grams.
41. Constantine I. Follis 16mm, CONSTANTIVS AVG. R. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS Alter inscribed VOTIS XX, in Ex PL**, 1.3 grams.
42. Constantine I. Follis 18mm, 1.9 grams. R. Campgate, legends lost.
43. Helena, FL HELENA AVGVSTA, 17mm, R. SECVRITAS REIPVBLCE Helena std holding branch. IN Ex *TRP, 2.6 grams.
44. Fausta 11-14mm, badly corroded, poss AE4, all legends lost, R. Fausta std, hd l, holding Constantine II and Constantius II. 0.8 grams.
45. Constantine I. Minim 9mm, all legends lost, R. Unidentified figure, 0.4 grams.
46. Unidentified Minim, 9mm, 0.5 grams.
47. Unidentified Minim, 10mm, 0.3 grams.
48. Crispus, 14mm, all legends lost, R. Standard between two soldiers, 1.1 grams.
49. Constantine II. 18mm CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C. R. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, laurel wreath around VOT X. 2.0 grams.
50. Constantine II. 12mm all legends lost. R. two standards between soldiers. 1.0 gram.
51. Constans. 17mm, ***CONSTAN NOB CAES hd l. R. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS Alter inscribed VOTIS XX, ex PLT. 1.5 grams.
52. Constans. centenionalis, 18mm ***P F AVG. R. legends lost, Soldier dragging barbarian from hut. 2.8 grams, in Ex *TR.
53. Antoninus M Auralius (Caracalla) Denarius, 20 x 16mm, OB legends lost. R. SPEI V P***, SPES St l holding cloak with lt hand, 2.7 grams.
54. Tetricus Antoninianus. TETRICVS P.Ff*** 2 grams, legends lost. R. Legends lost. Recovered from churchyard during watching brief.
55. 55–57. 3 coins, not proven but probably Tetricus, no legends, 1.6, 1.4, 0.9 grams, 14-16mm.
58. Salonina Denarius, SALONINA AVG. R legend lost, Vesta seated, 20mm. 2.8 grams. Recovered from under west end of nave. See watching brief.

The Brooches

1. Trumpet type similar to no. 2. Head missing, wavy line each side of leg, recovered from Canal field. Weight 7 grams.
2. Trumpet type, Celtic design on the head, with wavy line decoration each side of leg. Traces of Silver plating. Spring gear brooch with under slung chord, recovered from section 5. Weight 17.3 grams.
3. Trumpet type, blind chain loop on head, no decoration. Spring lug and gear missing. Recovered from West field. Weight 11.4 grams.
4. Trumpet type, head only, blind chain loop. Spring lug and gear missing, decoration. Recovered from Canal field. Weight 12 grams.
5. Trumpet type, this small brooch is very poor condition such that any decoration is difficult to determine, there may however be a trace of Celtic design on the head. Late 1st to late 2nd century. Located in meadow during laying of new water mains. Weight 6.4 grams.
6. Trumpet derivative, trumpet head replaced with a shield shaped flat plate. Remains of axle lugs in extensions to side of head, and remnant of chain loop. Foot protrudes forwards. Decoration consists of twin furrows on upper part of leg, Orange enamel is set in alternate rectangles within the furrow, trace of enamel in alternate rectangles. Located in Canal field. Weight 6.9 grams.
7. Colchester type B Two-piece brooch, mid to late 1st century. Chord external as La Tene 1, spring has 6 coils, wings plain, V shaped central rib of the bow, perforated catch plate. Recovered from meadow during laying of new water main. Weight 6.9 grams.
8. T-shaped brooch. Head shows no means of spring retention. Catch plate missing, foot turned outwards. Decorated by upwards of 12 very small red enamel pellets, a lug at the head of the leg suggests a larger enamel pellet. The wide wings have large lugs each of which are perforated through to the gear area, were these for decoration? or are they somehow connected with spring retention? Recovered in Canal field. Weight 5.5 grams.
9. This brooch missing its head is difficult to classify, triple raised ridges on knee and the leg are the only means of decoration, a small foot protrudes forward slightly. Recovered from Canal field. Weight 5 grams.
10. Heavy dolphin brooch. A large chain loop is cast into the head, the hinge and axle are located in a solid carrier, which appears to have been sawn to create the gap for the head of the pin (saw cut is visible) cutting into back of chain loop. The foot is grooved and protrudes forward. Recovered from Canal field. Weight 22.8 grams.
11. Dolphin brooch with Polden Hill spring gear. 6 coils to the spring, pin and chord missing. Axle held in two integral lugs. Decoration is 3 raised ribs running from head to foot, at the head 3 similar ribs on run to the base of the head curving back to the wings. Below the head, a chevron design is bisected by the triple ribs. The foot has 2 fine raised ribs. Recovered in Canal field. Weight 18.9 grams.
12. Dolphin brooch with Polden Hill spring gear, the hook for loop is present, the iron gear is heavily corroded and may have consisted of 6 coils. No decoration is visible on this badly corroded example. Recovered in Canal field. Weight 13.6 grams.
13. Dolphin type, possible remains of chord hook suggests a Polden Hill gear design. However, the poor condition does not allow interpretation of the gear which could also be hinged rather than sprung. There are the ovoid appendages normally associated with the Polden Hill type. The leg and foot are plain, no catch plate survives. Recovered in Canal field. Weight 11.3 grams.
14. Dolphin type, semi-cylindrical wings for gear containment which is missing. Ovoid appendages each side of head as per Polden Hill but with no hint of a hook for a chord. A badly corroded brooch with no decoration obvious. Location above cobbled area of section 4. Weight 4.2 grams.
15. Dolphin brooch badly corroded. Original surface completely lost, spring gear however is complete, although only the tiniest vestige of a possible hook remains, the overhead chord suggests a Polden Hill type. Location under 4th century final rubble fill of ditch on villa complex. Weight 4.4 grams.
16. Dolphin brooch badly corroded, Spring gear is a corroded block, lower foot is missing, no decoration other than ovoid appendages at intersection of head and wings. Recovered in Canal field. Weight 4.1 grams.
17. Dolphin brooch, no spring gear surviving. Faint ovoid appendages at intersection of head and wings. Possible vestige of hook for Polden Hill gear. Decoration, where original surface survives, is a tapering groove from head, possibly down to the foot, in the groove are a line of raised pellets, no catch plate survives. Recovered from Canal field. Weight 5.9 grams.
18. Dolphin brooch in poor condition. Spring missing, possible trace of hook for Polden Hill gear, Ovoid appendages at intersection of head and wings, no catch plate. Recovered from Canal field. Weight 6.1 grams.
19. Knee brooch hinged pin. Possible chain loop missing, extreme of foot and catch plate also lost. Decorated with 3 rows of rectangular depressions which may have been enameled, a boss on the knee may also have been enameled. Recovered in West field. Weight 10.1 grams.
20. Knee brooch. The spring gear, except for the end of the pin, is complete and contains 6 coils with the chord below. The axle is contained in rearward extensions of the wings. There is a large rectangular foot set horizontal to the leg, the catch plate is integral to the foot. Other than traces of plating there is no other decoration. Recovered in South field, within 1st century villa enclosure. Weight 18.2 grams. This brooch is similar to 92 in "Ancient and Romano-British Brooches" by Richard Hattat.
21. Disc brooch. A large proportion of the brooch is missing, the hinged pin however has survived together with the small catch. Decoration consists of a raised boss in the centre and raised rim round the perimeter. Recovered in Canal field. Weight 8.1 grams.
22. Penannular brooch. The section is round, the terminals are double grooved before being turned over. Recovered in South field, within villa enclosure. Weight 2.5 grams.
23. Trumpet brooch. Chain loop broken, Acanthus leaves round knee, lower leg missing, spring gear complete minus axle. Weight 10.8 grams. Recovered in disturbed levels of trench 6.
24. Dolphin type. badly corroded, no decoration visible, probably hinged not sprung. Weight 10.1 grams, recovered from canal field.
25. Dolphin type, three vertical grooves down leg, Polden hill type spring, no catch plate. Recovered from West field near church. Weight 10.8 grams.
26. Dolphin type, single shallow groove with scrolls either side of leg, grooved foot knob. Polden type spring, no spring gear. Recovered from pit F260 section 4. Weight 9 grams.
27. Trumpet brooch, lower half lost, double coil spring, acanthus leaves on the knee. 9.1 grams, recovered from section 5 level 4.
28. Dolphin brooch complete with pin, spring gear with 8 coils with overhead chord secured by a backward hook, perforated catchplate, part missing, recovered from F499 re-deposited burnt stones from near the apsidal wing. 11 grams.
29. Dolphin headstud brooch, hinged, with chain loop on head, row of enamelled lozenges and plain raised stud, fluted wings and moulded foot knob. 12.6 grams.
30. Small dolphin brooch, badly corroded, 6 coiled spring with chord secured by backward facing hook. No decoration survives. 4.6 grams.

Spindle whorls

• 5842 Made from the base of a Severn Valley bowl, hole tapers from approximately 1mm to 5mm, 32mm diameter, 15.5 grams, recovered from early roman levels probably 2nd century.
• 5925 Fashioned from sandstone, could also be a counter, centred but not drilled, 38mm diameter, 31.3 grams, recovered from 3rd century top fill of 2nd century ditch, 50% only.
• 5079 Constructed from the base of a BB1 cooking vessel, 3.7 gr, 6mm hole, 32mm diameter. Recovered from 3rd century deliberate filling of enclosure ditch.
• 5952 Made from smooth slate, 37mm diameter, 7mm hole, 14.4 grams, recovered from just above Iron-Age level.
• 3938 Whorl or counter made from Severn Valley base, centred but not drilled, 44mm diameter, 18 grams.
• 5996 Made from Severn Valley base, 6mm thick, 7.2 gr, 6mm hole, 29-30mm diameter, recovered from late roman levels.
• 1356 Counter or whorl? made from Severn Valley base, 5mm thick, 35mm diameter, 9.00 gr, centred but not drilled, completely rounded.
• 3769 Incomplete whorl made from a Samian base, 7.3 gr, circa 7mm hole, 38mm diameter, from 3rd century top fill of 2nd century ditch.
• 1711 Large diameter whorl constructed from Severn Valley Bowl, 45x50mm diameter, 16.3 gr, from late roman levels.
• 3937 Made from the base of a BB1 cooking vessel, 50% complete, 8.8 gr, 10mm hole, 45mm diameter, recovered from enclosure entrance T16.
• 4628 Constructed from a BB2 cooking vessel, 5mm thick, 6mm hole, 7.2 gr, from top fill of enclosure ditch.

Medieval Metal Objects

1. Coin 1. Henry III. Short cross, Class 7a-7b, 1217/1242. Rev. ILGER ON LUND (Moneyer Ilger, Mint London).
2. Coin 2. Edward I? Voided long cross.
3. Bronze pin 1.
4. Bronze pin 2.
5. Bronze Strap End.
6. Bronze plain medallion.